Notes to Tacitus, Annales I.3-6

ut/uti adverb
as.

Agrippa,-ae m., Marcus Vipsanius (64/3-12 BCE): a trusted friend, supporter, right-hand man of Octavius/Octavian/Augustus who held all the leading offices in Rome, talented as both military commander and administrator. His third marriage was arranged by Augustus to his daughter, Julia Augusti, in 21 BCE, by whom he had three sons and two daughters.

concedo, -ere, -cessi, cessum + ablative
yield; depart; give up; with vita, it is one of Tacitus' varied expressions for die.

Caesar,-is m. (17 BCE-20 August 2 CE), Lucius: middle son of Agrippa and Julia, adopted at birth by Augustus with his older brother Gaius. Upon assumption of the toga virilis in 2 BCE, he received the same honors as Gaius, including the title princeps iuventutis. Understand ut (an example of Tacitus' fondness for asymmetrical syntax); object of abstulit.

Hispaniensis , -e
Spanish; accusative plural with exercitus.

exercitus, -us m.
army, infantry.

Caesar, -is m.(20 BCE-21 February 4 CE), Gaius: eldest son of Agrippa and Julia, adopted by Augustus in 17 BCE. He was named Consul Designate for 1 CE upon his assumption of the toga virilis in 5 BCE and named princeps iuventutis by the equites. Wounded at the siege of Artagira (Armenia), he died 18 months later in Lycia. Understand et; object of abstulit.

remeo (1)
come back, return; modifies Gaius.

Armenia, -ae f.: ablative of place from which. This kingdom in the eastern empire was a buffer between and a dependent of both Rome and Parthia, to whom it had lost borderlands in 65 BCE.

vulnus, vulneris n.
wound; injury.

invalidus, -a -um
weak, infirm, feeble; joined to remeantem by et.

fatum , i. n.
fate, destiny (i.e., the Fates or the natural order); ablative of cause, dependent on propera.

properus, -a -um
quick, speedy; modifies mors, subject of abstulit.

noverca, -ae f.
stepmother.

dolus, -i m.
deceit, trick; alternate subject of abstulit.

aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum
bear off, take away, steal, withdraw.

Drusus, i m. (38- 9 BCE), Nero Claudius: popular second son of Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia, he was brought up by Octavian after his father's death. He held magistracies before the legal age and commanded armies in Gaul and Germany; in honor of his successful campaigns there the Senate awarded the surname Germanicus to him and his descendants; the name normally is used in reference to his son, whom he named Germanicus.

pridem adverb
long ago.

exstinguo, -ere, -stinxi, -stinctum
kill, destroy, abolish; ablative absolute with Druso.

Nero, -onis m, (42 BCE-37 CE), Tiberius Claudius: elder son of. Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia, he was a successful general. Forced to divorce his wife to marry Julia, Agrippa's widow, in 12 BCE, he was adopted by Augustus in 4 CE, at which time he became Tiberius Caesar.

privignus, -i m.
stepson, stepchild.

illuc adverb
to him/her; to that place; supply et.

vergo, -ere, --, --
turn, incline, bend; historic infinitive (the subject is cuncta).

collega, -ae m.
associate; colleague; with imperii, the title signifies that he had authority equal to that of Augustus in all the provinces and armies of the Empire as well as in Rome (the imperium maius, a combination of consular and proconsular powers assumed first by Augustus); together with filius and consors, it is in apposition with Tiberius, the understood subject of adsumitur, and is a mark of his selection by Augustus (see Succession).

consors, -sortis m./f.
sharer, partner. Tiberius was granted the potestas tribunicia in 6 BCE for a five-year period, then again in 4 BCE for a 10 year period. The title indicates he shared with Augustus (who received it permanently in 36 BCE) the power and sanctity of the tribunate as the supreme civil control in Rome. This power set the princeps and his consors apart from and superior to the office of tribune of the plebs (see definition of potestas as separate from imperium).

adsumo, -ere, -sumpsi, -sumptum
take up; adopt; accept; receive; the subject is Tiberius.

omnis = omnes; actually two armies, of Germany and Illyricum, very important ones.

ostento (1)
show, exhibit; present.

antea adverb
before, formerly.

palam adverb
openly.

hortatus, -us m.
encouragement; ablative of means.

devinco, -ere, -vici, -victum
defeat completely; subject is Livia.

adeo adverb
so;; with uti and the subjunctive = to such a point that.

nepos, -otis, m.
grandson; descendent.

Agrippa Postumus (12 BCE- 14 CE), the youngest son of Julia and Agrippa, born after his father's death and thus named Postumus. Adopted by Augustus together with Tiberius in 4 CE, he was sent away to Surrentum in 7 CE for no known reason and exiled to Planasia. by Augustus.

Planasia, -ae, f.
Pianosa, a tiny island barely above sea level near the island of Elba in the Tuscan sea.

proicio, -ere, -ieci,- iectum
banish; thrust; perfect subjunctive after uti.

pars, partis f.
part, faction; understand populi. The subject of differebant: Tacitus commonly uses a plural predicate with collective nouns.

multo adverb
by far, much.

in/mmineo, -ere, -ui, --
be near, impend; threaten; inminentis is accusative plura..

differo, -ferre, distuli, dilatum
divulge, publish (with accusative of person); differ (intransitive). As Augustus' health failed, people began to consider the dismal possibilities ahead; in the section omitted they characterize Agrippa as severe, Tiberius as spoiled, arrogant, violent and immoral; and then there is the matrem.

accedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum
be added. Understand dixerunt; Tacitus omits verbs of speaking when the context is clear. The subject of the infinitive is matrem, i.e., Livia.

muliebris, -e
of a woman, womanly.

in/mpotentia, -ae f.
violence; imperiousness; translate with muliebri.

servio, -ire, -ivi, -itum + dative
be a slave to; serve; impersonal use of the passive periphrastic within indirect discourse serviendum [esse], indicating necessity.

duobus: Germanicus and Drusus Caesar, Livia's grandchildren.

insuper adverb/preposition + ablative
besides.

interim adverb
meanwhile.

premo, -ere, pressi, pressum
press down on; burden; rule; potential subjunctive.

quandoque adverb
at some time, whenever.

distraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractum
pull apart; divide, draw in different directions; the object is rem publicam.

agito (1)
deliberate, discuss; ablative absolute with the subject eis understood.

gravesco, -ere, -- , --
become heavy, grow worse; historic present.

valetudo , -tudinis f.
good health; illness, indisposition.

quidam, quaedam, quoddam/quiddam indefinite pronoun
a certain, a certain one, someone.

scelus, sceleris n.
crime; evil deed; Tacitus refers to the rumor that he was poisoned.

suspecto (1)
suspect; mistrust.

quippe
adverb certainly; conjunction for in fact.

incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus
spread about; advance, approach; walk, march; followed by indirect statement.

conscius/a, -i/-ae m/f
confederate, confidant; ablative absolute with electis.

eligo, eligere, elegi, electum
pick out, choose.

comes, -itis m/f
companion, attendant; ablative absolute with electis.

Fabius Maximus, Paullus Quinti filius (46 BCE-14CE): a member of the ancient gens Fabia, dating from the 5th century BCE, and descendent of the hero Cunctator, the consul whose tactic of avoiding battle with Hannibal in Italy won the war and earned him his name. Consul in 11 BCE, he was a close friend of Augustus and the patron of Ovid, who hoped Paullus' intervention would bring about his recall from exile (see Ex Ponto 1.2).

veho, vehere, vexi, vectum
bear, carry, convey; pass, ride, sail; understand esse, with Augustum as the subject.

viso, visere, visi, visum
go to see, visit, look at; gerund + ad = purpose construction.

illic adverb
in that place, over there.

utrimque adverb
on both sides, on either side.

lacrima, -ae f.
tear; understand fuisse with lacrimas,signa, spem as the subjects in indirect statement.

caritas, -tatis f.
esteem, affection.

ex eo = from this (i.e., the visit).

fore ut + subjunctive = futurum esse ut: a future infinitive construction (after a past main verb) used impersonally: it would be the case that....

penates, -ium m. pl.
household gods; home.

avus, -i m.
grandfather.

reddo, -ere, -didi, reditum
give back; restore, return; the imperfect subjunctive following fore ut indicates a future anticipation (he would be...) with Agrippa Postumus (iuvenis) as the subject.

Marcia, -ae f.: daughter of Lucius Marcius Philippus minor, she was the cousin of Augustus by his mother's sister, Atia minor. In the concluding lines of his poem (Fasti 6.801-810; see in Body), Ovid lavishly praises Marcia's beauty, intelligence, and lineage.

aperio, -ire, ui, -itum
uncover, disclose, open, reveal; continuation of the indirect statement with Maximum as subject.

gnarus, -a, -um = notus
having knowledge or experience of; known; understand esse.

dubium an = perhaps, or.

quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum
seek; desire; ask; i.e., not a death given by fate but one selected --suicide.

funus, funeris n.
funeral; burial.

gemitus, gemitus m.
groan, sigh; roaring; translate with Marciae as the subject of auditos [esse].

semet = se + met (intensive particle) pronoun
self.

incuso (1)
find fault with, accuse; modifies Marciae.

exitium, -i
destruction, ruin.

maritus, -i m.
husband.

utcumque adverb
however; one way or another.

vixdum adverb hardly, as yet
adverb hardly, as yet.

ingredior, -di, -gressus/a sum
advance; enter; undertake, begin.

Illyricum, -i n. The kingdom of Illyria, after centuries of fierce fighting with Greeks and Romans, was finally subdued in 9 CE by Augustus and Tiberius; it became the Roman province of Illyricum.

accio, accire, accivi, accitum
summon; procure; historical present..

satis adjective/adverb
sufficient, satisfactory; adequately; quite.

con/mperio, - ire, -i, -pertum
find out, learn, detect ; impersonal use..

spiro (1)
breathe; blow; live; exhale; modifies Augustum.

adhuc adverb
thus far, to this point; still; besides.

apud + accusative = in + ablative.

Nola, -ae: an ancient city in Campania founded by the Ausonians, captured by the Tuscans, colonized by the Chalcidians.

exanimis, -e adjective
dead; lifeless; breathless, terrified, dismayed.

repperio, -ire, repperi, repertum
find out; procure; discover, ascertain; subjunctive with indirect question.

acer, acre
sharp, diligent.

namque conjunction
for on the other hand; emphatic for nam.

custodia, -ae f.
watch, guard, custody, prison.

saepio, -ire, si, -tum
fence in, enclose; shelter, protect.

laetus, -a, um
glad; pleasing; fertile.

interdum adverb
sometimes, now and then.

nuntius, -i m.
message, messenger, news.

vulgo (1)
make common, publish, divulge, broadcast.

donec conjunction
until; while, as long as.

provideo , -ere, -vidi, -visum
foresee; look after; provide for; ablative absolute with eis or rebus, the antecedent of quae, understood.

simul adverb
at the same time; likewise; at once.

excedo, excedere, excessi, excessum
die; go away; the subject is Augustum.

potior, -iri, itu/a sum
take possession of; acquire; be master of.

facinus, -oris n.
deed; crime; outrage.

principatus, -us m.f.
first place; emperorship; at Augustus' death Tiberius assumed Augustus' title until Augustus' will was announced and the Senate appointed him emperor.

caedes, -is f.
murder, massacre.

ignarus, -a, um
unknowing.

inermis, -e
unarmed, defenceless.

aegre adverb
with difficulty, hardly; in I.3.4 Tacitus described Postumus as having great strength, but here he may mean that Postumus fought hard for his life.

conficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum
complete, accomplish.




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