usus, -us
m.
use, experience, custom; usu: a legal term indicating
ownership by right of practice.
haud dubie
(adv.)
undoubtedly.
regnum,
-i n.
kingship, monarchy; sovereignty; kingdom; despotism. This
word recurs regularly in the following passages, as greed for power is at the
heart of Tullia's story; unlike other repeated words, regnum is glossed
each time so that the meaning particular to the phrase may be chosen.
interdum
(adv.)
from time to time, sometimes.
iacto (1)
toss about; discuss, mention; the subject is voces:
expressions, remarks.
Tarquinio
Lucius Tarquinius (later Superbus), younger son of Tarquinius Priscus, married
Servius’ elder daughter, Tullia maior; his older brother Arruns Tarquinius
married Tullia minor.
iniussu (found in
the ablative only)
without the command.
concilio (1)
procure, win over; ablative absolute with
voluntate.
prius
(adv.)
previously, before.
voluntas,
-tatis f.
will, consent.
ager, agri
m.
territory, land; modified by capto ex hostibus, it is
part of a second ablative absolute construction with diviso.
viritim (adv.)
man by man, to each one individually.
divido, -ere,
divisi, divisum
divide, allot; this second ablative absolute
explains how Servius won popular support: by, because, since.
audeo,
-ere, ausi, ausum
dare, venture; the subject is Servius.
vellent
iuberentne: the enclitic -ne binds the two imperfect
subjunctives (understand vel between them) together in an indirect
question implied in the referendum ferre ad populum:
whether they wished or ordered.
tanto...quanto:
ablative following declaratus est by so
great...as.
consensus, -us
m.
agreement, accord.
declaro
(1)
declare; make evident. The subject is Servius.
adfecto (1)
strive after, pursue; aspire to, desire; gerundive with
regni.
minuo,
-ere, minui, minutum
diminish, lessen.
eo +
comparative=all the more; more and more.
impensius
comparative adverb < impendo
vehemently, eagerly,
greatly; translate with criminandi.
adversus, -a,
um
opposite, adverse, hostile; ablative absolute with
voluntate. Tarquinius uses Servius’ popular land program to
separate the king from his Senate; by voicing the priority of the aristocracy
(and thus himself as a blood member of the royal dynasty) over the plebs (with
whom Serius’ servile birth places him), he thus strengthens his claim to
the throne.
ago, -ere, egi,
actum
impersonal use of the present passive infinitive in indirect
statement after senserat: that it was being done.
criminor
(1 deponent)
accuse, charge; gerundive with Servi, parallel
with crescendi.
cresco, -ere,
crevi, cretum
grow, increase in power; gerundive.
do, dare, dedi,
datum
give, grant; the subject is occasionem, the
indirect object is sibi; understand esse (indirect
statement after ratus est).
reor, reri,
ratus/a sum
think, believe; the subject is Lucius
Tarquinius.
et...et: these
connect two grammatically unequal phrases, one in the nominative referring to
Lucius Tarquinius and the other an ablative absolute, referring to his second
wife, Tullia minor, whom Livy calls ferox below.
ardens,
-entis
burning, eager; genitive of description.
animus, -i
m.
mind; feeling; spirit; purpose.
stimulo
(1)
urge, goad, provoke; ablative absolute construction with
uxore Tullia, his brother's wife whom he married after the murders of
his own wife and brother.
et enim
and in fact; translate first.
regia,
-ae
palace, court; subject of tulit.
ut + subjunctive
(see veniret, esset) introduces a purpose clause.
taedium, -i
loathing, weariness; ablative of cause followed by the objective
genitive regum.
scelus,
-eris n.
wickedness, crime.
maturior,
-ius (comparative of maturus)
earlier; more timely; predicate
adjective with libertas.
ultimus, -a, -um
(superlative of ultra)
last, final; predicate adjective with
regnum.
quod: relative
pronoun whose antecedent is regnum.
pario, parere,
peperi, partum
produce, create; give birth to; foret: old
imperfect subjunctive form of esset.
liquet, -ere,
licuit (impersonal)
it is clear, evident; with parum: it
is not clear enough.
nepos, -otis
m.
grandson; descendent; read utrum filius an nepos,
an indirect question introduced by liquet.
plus, pluris
(comparative of multus)
greater number; more; majority; an
ablative absolute with present participle of sum understood; Livy is
choosing the relationship given by most of his sources.
edo, -ere,
edidi, editum
declare; put forth; ediderim is a perfect
subjunctive expressing future capacity ( I would declare), followed by
the object in indirect statement: [eum] filium
[esse].
mitis, -is
mild, gentle; mellow, ripe; genitive of description with
ingenii.
nubo, -ere,
nupsi, nuptum + dative (his duobus [fratribus])
be
married to (usually in reference to women). As was the early Roman custom
among the elite, daughters received as their single name the feminine form of
their gens name Tullius; although Livy does not use them, terms
were added to distinguish multiple daughters in a household by birth order
(maior, minor, tertia, etc.).
dispar,
-aris
unequal; with longe: very different (Tullia
maior is mitis; Tullia minor is ferox).
ita...ne:
introduces a negative result clause.
incido, -ere,
-cidi, casum
happen, occur; meet; the verb is used
impersonally.
fortuna, -ae
f.
good luck; chance; an ablative of cause, fortuna makes a
positive statement, beyond the neutral forte.
quo, relative
adverb
so that; to the end that; a purpose construction with the
subjunctives esset and possent that explains why Livy thought it
was good fortune that Tullia Minor and Lucius Tarquinius, the two bolder
personalities, were not married from the first.
diuturnius,
adverb (comparative of diuturne)
of longer duration; more
lasting.
constituo, -ere,
-ui, -utum
establish, institute; constitui:
passive infinitive with mores as the subject.
ango, -ere,
anxi, anctum/anxum
distress, torment.
ferox,
-ocis
headstrong; wild; arrogant; aggressive. Although the word has
positive connotations, such as bold, spirited, courageous,
Livy's narration shows Tullia as ferox in a bad sense.
nihil materiae ...
ad
no substance in regard to; no aptitude for; partitive
genitive.
cupiditas,
-tatis f.
ambition; passion; desire. While Tullia finds these
qualities admirable, they are suspect in Roman culture and often punished by
the ancient gods.
audacia,
-ae f.
boldness; daring; courage.
averto, -ere,
-ti, aversum
turn away; divert; the passive has a reflexive sense and
is modified by tota (an adjective where English requires an adverb,
totally). Tullia minor turns her affections toward her husband's brother
(in alterum Tarquinium), a serious breach of family trust.
mirari...dicere...spernere: Tullia minor is the subject of
these historical infinitives: she admires her brother-in-law Lucius, calls him
a hero, despises her sister.
vir, -i m.
man; husband; hero. Translate as a predicate nominative. At the
beginning of this sentence that reports Tullia's reactions, viro is
used, meaning Arruns, her husband; here Tullia uses virum in
reference to Lucius, meaning real man. How will you translate the
virum that occurs at the end of the sentence?
orior, -iri,
ortus/a sum
be born; arise; be made; understand esse with
virum and ortum, in indirect statement following
dicere.
quod
conjunction
for the reason that; followed by the subjunctive because
the reasoning is not Livy's but that of Tullia minor.
nanciscor,
nancisci, nactus/a sum
find, come upon, get;
nacta: the subject is her sister, Tullia maior.
cesso
(1)
be deficient; be wanting; be inactive; the ablative phrase
surrounding the verb (muliebri audacia) points out Tullia maior's
deficiency.
contraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractum
draw
together.
aptissimus, -a,
-um + dative (superlative of aptus)
most suitable,
suited; understand est.
turbo (1)
disturb, throw into confusion, violate; turbandi is a gerund in
the genitive case after initium with omnia is its direct object.
sermo, -onis
m.
conversation; talk; discussion; ablative of means with
secretis. Note the interwoven word order that reflects the confused
situation.
alienus, -a,
-um
of another (i.e. her sister).
ad/ssuefacio,
-ere, -feci, -factum + dative (viri alieni)
accustom; perfect
passive participle modifying ea, Tullia minor.
contumelia, -ae f.
insult, abuse, reproach;
with nullis.
parco, -ere,
peperci, parsum + dative
spare, refrain from; Tullia minor is the
subject of the historical infinitive.
rectius
comparative adverb < recte
more rightly, justifiably; see
quam below for the remainder of her statement.
viduus, -a,
-um
widowed; unmarried; modifies se.
caelebs,
-ibis
unmarried; predicate adjective with illum.
futurum fuisse:
future perfect infinitive in indirect statement, used impersonally: it would
have been.
contendo, -ere,
-tendi, -tentum
assert; contend; historical infinitive with Tullia
minor as the subject, introducing an indirect statement.
iungo, -ere,
iunxi, iunctum
join, bind; present passive infinitive.
impar,
-paris
unequal; unlike.
elanguesco,
-ere, -gui, ---
grow weak; languish; imperfect subjunctive of the
passive periphrastic, used impersonally, introduced by ut: so that it
was necessary to grow weak.
ignavia,
-ae f.
inactivity; cowardice; ablative of cause with
aliena.
si
conjunction
if; introduces a contrary to fact condition in past time
(dedissent). The conclusion of the condition, visuram fuisse
(she would have seen), is expressed as a fact within the indirect
statement introduced above by contendere.
quo: relative
pronoun in the ablative after digna; the antecedent is
eum which is in apposition with virum.
quod: the
antecedent of this relative pronoun is regnum; it introduces a
clause that is subjunctive (videat) by virtue of its being subordinate
to the apodosis (visuram fuisse) of the contrary to fact condition in an
indirect statement.
apud patrem: at
the home of her father
impleo, -ere,
-plevi, -pletus
fill; the subject is Tullia, followed by the
accusative of person and genitive of thing.
temeritas, -tatis f.
rashness;
recklessness.
[Arruns Tarquinius et
Tullia minor]: this phrase is debated, as the Tarquinius referred to
needs to be Lucius not Arruns.
continuo
(1)
join together; make continuous; continue unbroken; ablative of
means with funeribus.
funus,
-eris n.
funeral; death.
cum conjunction
+ subjunctive (fecissent)
when.
vacuus, -a, -um
+ dative
empty; predicate adjective modifying domos.
prohibeo,
-ere, hibui,-hibitum
prevent; forbid; ablative absolute with
Servio and adprobante.
Chapter 47
infestior,
comparative of infestus, -a, -um
unsafe,
dangerous.
spectare...pati:
historical infinitives; Tullia is the subject of both.
conquiesco,
-ere, -quievi, -quietum
rest; have respite; be at peace.
ne + subjunctive
(essent) introduces a purpose clause.
gratuitus, -a,
-um
for nothing; ineffective; with no effect; predicate
adjective with parricidia.
parricidium, i n.
murder; parricide;
treason; the reference here is to the killing of her husband and sister.
However, it hints at the future, when the literal meaning, murder of one's
father, will be appropriate.
desum, -esse,
-fui + dative
be missing; fail; be lacking. Here Livy begins to
report Tullia's words in indirect statement; understand [Tullia
dicebat] before defuisse.
cui: a series
of relative pronouns follows (qui; cum quo; qui), each
introducing a relative clause of characteristic ( translate here: the kind
of man to whom...) with its main verb in the subjunctive (here,
diceretur, impersonal useage).
memini,
meminisse
remember; think of.
servio,
be a slave; i.e. the kind of husband Tullia had in Arruns
Tarquinius.
malo, malle,
malui, --
prefer; would rather; followed by quam sperare,
the action not preferred.
appello
call, pronounce, name; supply te in apposition to
virum and regem.
eo peius ... quod
for the worse...that.
istic, adverb
in this affair; here; on this occasion; translate est
impersonally: there is.
accingo, -ere,
-cinxi, -cinctum
gird; prepare; arm; translate the passive form
reflexively. The Roman male belted (in order to lift higher) his tunic to free
his legs in preparation for physical activity (farming, soldiering).
tibi: understand
venienti with tibi, the indirect object of necesse
est.
Tarquinii,
-orum m. pl.
Tarquinia; Tullia points out that Lucius, born in Rome,
doesn't share the obstacles faced by his grandfather, Demaratus, who emigrated
from Corinth to Tarquinia and took an Etruscan wife, or his father, Tarquinius
Priscus, who married Tanaquil in Tarquinia and emigrated to Rome.
molior,
-iri, -itus/a sum
strive for; build; devise.
peregrinus, -a, -um
foreign, strange.
necesse est + dative (tibi and patri tuo).
penates, -ium m. pl.
household gods,
protective spirits in the Roman house who are particularly concerned with the
larder. A bronze
figurine of one of the Penates. Read the phrase as
di penates di patriique.
patrius, -a, -um
paternal, hereditary,
native; patrii modifies di.
regius,
-a, -um
royal, kingly, regal.
solium,
-i n.
throne; seat of state.
te...regem: the
placement of these words at the beginning and end of the clause underscores
Tullia’s insistance on her husband's legitimate claim to the throne.
creat...vocatque: when there is a list of words in mixed
number and gender, the verb may agree with the last item, as in this case
(nomen Tarquinium).
parum...animi:
partitive genitive; understand tibi in dative of possession.
frustror (1
deponent)
disappoint, cheat; subjunctive in a question of
obligation: why should you...?
conspicio,
-ere, -spexi, -spectum
behold, look upon .
sino, -ere,
sivi, situm
allow, let; indicative in a direct question of fact.
facesso, -ere,
-ivi, -itum:
go away, retire;
facesse=present active imperative.
devolvo, -ere,
-volui, -volutum
fall headlong; present passive imperative:
sink (with retro) backwards.
stirps, -is f.
origin, family, stock.
similior,
comparative of similis + dative
more like, followed
by the comparison (quam); supply es.
his aliisque:
understand verbis, ablative of instrument.
increpo (1)
rebuke; exclaim loudly; put forth noisily; increpando: gerund,
ablative of means.
cum +
subjunctive
while, whereas; Tullia contrasts Tanaquil's effective
exercise of political power (potuisset animo) with her own helplessness
(nullum momentum...faceret): read the real story in
Tanaquil.
tantum
moliri...ut: followed by a result clause.
deinceps
adverb
successively; in order.
momentum, -i
n.
change; influence; importance.
adimo, -ere,
-emi, -emptum
take away; in with the gerundives dando
and adimendo, having as their direct object regno.
instinguo,
-ere, -stinxi, -stinctum
incite, inspire; followed by a list of
historical infinitives describing what actions Tarquinius undertook in
response.
furia, -ae
f.
madness, frenzy; rage; also Furiae, the Furies or avenging
spirits of the dead; snake-women who in Aeschylus' Oresteia pursued
Orestes for spilling kin blood, a crime of which Tullia and Lucius are already
guilty.
circumeo, -ire, ii, itum
go around, visit,
canvass; historical infinitive, subject is Tarquinius.
prenso
(1)
solicit, "buttonhole".
gens, gentis
f.
clan, family, tribe; Tarquinius cleverly approached the
minorum gentium patres, heads of the lesser families who had been made
senators by his father.
admoneo, -ere, -monui, -monitum
remind,
suggest, advise (accusative of person, genitive of thing); historical
infinitive.
pro eo: in
exchange, in return, literally for it.
repeto,
-ere, -petivi, -petitum
seek back, demand; historical
infinitive.
adlicio, -ere,
-lexi, -lectum
entice; attract; historical infinitive.
cum...tum
correlatives
not only...but also, here linking two unequal
clauses.
ingens,
-ntis
great; huge; n. pl.
polliceor,
-liceri, -licitus/a sum
promise; pollicendo:
gerund, ablative of means.
crimen, -inis
n.
accusation, charge; criminibus: ablative of
means.
locus, -i
m.
place; situation; rank.
cresco,
-ere, crevi cretum
thrive, prosper, rise up; historical infinitive
with Tarquinius as the subject.
postremo
adverb
finally, at last. From this point on, Tarquinius commits
the political acts aimed at overthrowing the king, his father-in-law.
agendae rei: gerundive in the dative after tempus.
stipo (1)
accompany; crowd around; subject is Tarquinius.
agmen ,
-inis n.
column, band; ablative of accompaniment.
inrumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum
burst into,
break in.
percello,
-ere, -culi, -culsum
upset, unnerve; ablative absolute with
omnibus.
pavor ,
-oris m.
terror, panic.
pro
preposition + ablative (Curia)
in the front of. The
Curia was the meeting place of the King's advisory body of elders, the senators
(Patres), its meetings to be called by the King.
sedeo,
-ere, sedi, sessum
sit; be in session; the subject is Tarquinius.
praeco,
-onis m.
herald, public crier.
cito: (1)
be summoned + ad followed by the accusative: before; by this
action Tarquinius supplants Servius as King.
convenio,
-ire-, -veni, -ventum
gather, come together; convenere=
convenerunt.
extemplo adverb
immediately; at
once.
ne:
construction of fearing after metu, followed by the
subjunctive.
non venisse=
the subject of esset.
fraus, fraudis
f.
damage; offence; dative of purpose: harmful (to them).
novitas, -tatis f.
strangeness; novelty.
miraculum, -i n.
marvel; wonder.
attonitus, -a,-um
thunderstruck; terrified;
astonished.
reor, reri,
ratus/a sum
believe, think. Understand sunt,
followed by indirect statement actum [esse],
used impersonally (it had been done/accomplished, i.e., Servius was
finished.
maledictum, -i
n.
abuse; supply [Servi] with maledicta, object of
an understood dixit; a long series of indirect statements with Servius
as the subject follows (e.g. servum servaque natum [esse]) to the
end of the chapter.
ultima
farthest; here, from the perspective of the present, it signifies
earliest, farthest back; it agrees with stirpe, here
best translated as origin, pointing up Servius' lack of ancestors.
ordior, -iri,
orsus/a sum
begin, commence, undertake; a historical infinitive
with esse understood.
interregnum: a
formal period of rule between legitimate kings, during which an interrex
is selected to conduct business until the people elected a new king; ablative
absolute with inito.
ineo, -ire,
-ivi, -itum
enter into; undertake; begin; inito,
ablative absolute with the verb to be understood. Notice the anaphora of
non, pointing up successive violations of traditional (ut antea)
political procedure.
comitia,
-tiorum n. pl.
this could only refer during the monarchy to the Comitia Curiata, the most ancient of the Roman
assemblies of the people by curia; one reason for calling this assembly
was to confirm the selection of the king; an ablative absolute with
habitis.
suffragium, -i
n.
voting; vote; the Comitia Curiata was capable only of
a yes or no vote on any proposal submitted to them.
auctor, -oris
m.
proposer; authority; during the monarchy, the Senators would
have originated and authorized the choice of king; in apposition with
patribus, an ablative absolute with the verb to be.
muliebri dono:
this is a reference to Tanaquil's actions after the assassination of her
husband Tarquinius Priscus (see Tullia's complaint above; read the whole story
in Tanaquil); note
Tarquinius' sneering tone.
natum: perfect
passive participle along with creatum, modifying fautorem, the
subject in the accusative of the main verb (divisisse) in the indirect
statement introduced by Tarquinius [dixit] in section 10.
fautor, -oris
m.
supporter, patron; modified by natum and
creatum, it is the subject in the accusative of divisisse in the
indirect statement introduced by Tarquinius [dixit] in section
10. Note how Tarquinius demeans him by refusing to use the king's name.
infimus, -a, -um, superlative of
inferus
lowest, meanest, most inferior.
honestas, -atis
f.
Tarquinius reserves the literal meaning of the word, the quality of
being honorable, for the upper class, in which Servius has no place:
the nobility of others.
eripio, -ere,
-ui, -reptum
tear away, rob; the perfect passive participle
modifies agrum.
primores, -um
m. pl.
the first ranks, leading men.
sordidissimus,
-a, um, superlative of sordidus
lowest; basest; rabble; the
plebs are reduced to their lowest common denominator by the phrase
sordidissimo cuique.
onus, -eris
n.
burden; object of inclinasse.
communis, -e
universal; common;
modifies onera.
inclino
(1)
turn, throw upon, transfer; inclinasse=
inclinavisse, an infinitive in the indirect statement the construction
introduced in section 10, with Servium as the unexpressed subject in the
accusative.
census,
-us m.
census: 1. a registry of Roman citizens (free males only)
by tribe, rated according to property, for the purposes of taxation and
assignment of each citizen to one of five classes for fighting in the army; 2.
the process (originally carried out by the king, then by the consuls, and
finally by the censor) of enrolling citizens every five years into classes for
taxation, military, and political purposes. Censum is the object of
instituisse (the subject is Servium), an infinitive in the
indirect statement construction introduced in section 10.
ut
introduces a purpose clause with the imperfect subjunctives esset and
largiretur.
insignis,
-e
conspicuous; distinctive; known; translate as a predicate
adjective after fortuna esset and as a phrase with ad invidiam.
invidia, -ae
f.
envy, jealousy.
locuples,
-etis comparative adjective
richer, more opulent; translate as a
substantive. Although grammatically it belongs with fortuna, its
position between invidiam and fortuna allows it to be understood
with both.
unde adverb
from which, whence; translate as though: et fortuna
locupletiorum parata [ei] esset ex qua.
ubi adverb
whenever; followed here by the imperfect subjunctive
(vellet).
egentissimus,
-a, -um superlative of egens, -entis
needy, in want;
translate as a substantive: the neediest ones.
largior, -iri,
-itus/a sum
give freely; bestow; lavish, with Servius again as
the subject.
cum
when; begin translating this temporal clause with the subjunctive with
cum.
intervenio,
-ire, -veni, -ventum + dative
interrupt; pluperfect subjunctive.
trepidus, -a,
-um
anxious; alarmed.
excio,
-ire, -ivi, -itum
summon; rouse.
vestibulum, -i n.
entrance;
vestibule.
quid...rei:
partitive genitive with quid -- What business...?
me vivo:
ablative absolute with the verb to be understood.
consido, -ere, -sedi, -sessum
sit down; sit in
session.
ille=
Tarquinius; cum begins a temporal clause followed by the subjunctive
(understand respondisset).
ferociter
adverb
fiercely; insolently; proudly: the meanings range from
admirable to blameworthy behavior.
se=
Tarquinius, the subject of the clause in indirect statement following the
implied respondisset. Note that he dismisses Servius by
directing his response to the Patres.
potior, -oris
comparative adjective
better; preferable, with multo=by
far better; modifies heredem with esse understood.
Note how the word order filium regis regni heredem betrays the
meaning.
heres,
-edis m.f.
heir; successor; modified by potiorem with
esse understood.
satis...diu:
for a long enough time.
licentia, -ae f.
boldness; presumption;
lawlessness.
eludo, -ere, elusi, elusum
cheat; elude; mock;
modifies illum.
uterque,
utraque, utrumque
each/ both (of two).
concursus, -us m.
coming together; rush;
gathering.
appareo, -ere, -ui,
-itum
appear; be seen; used impersonally: it is
obvious.
regno
(1)
be king; reign; understand eum as the subject
of the future infinitive regnaturum [esse] and the antecedent of
qui.
vinco, -ere, vici, victum
win; triumph;
vicisset =pluperfect subjunctive with qui as the
subject.
ultima: n.
pl.= the ultimate acts.
cogo, -ere,
coegi, coactum
compel; collect; ablative absolute with
necessitate ipsa; the direct object of cogente is [eum]
audere ultima.
validior,
-oris comparative of validus
strong; powerful with
multo and two ablatives of respect (aetate,
viribus).
medius, -a,
-um
middle; midst; it agrees with the noun it modifies: the
middle of Servius, i.e. by the waist.
ad/rripio,
-ere, -ripui, -reptum
grab hold of, seize.
effero, -ferre,
extuli, elatum
lift; carry out; bring out; modifies
Servium.
in inferiorem
partem: onto the lower level, i.e. outside the Curia, down the
steps (per gradus), into the Forum.
deicio,
-ere, -ieci, -iectum
throw down, hurl; the subject is Tarquinius,
the object is Servius.
ad cogendum:
purpose construction using the gerundive; Senatum is the object of
cogendum.
apparitor,
-oris m.
attendant; despite the word order, fit
fuga refers to them, not to regis.
comes,
-itis m.f.
companion, comrade.
exsanguis,
-inis
with prope: half-dead; modifies ipse
(Servius).
comitatus, -us
m.
escort, retinue.
se recipio
return, make one’s way; subjunctive following temporal
cum: when.
consequor, -i, -secutus/a sum
pursue;
overtake; the object is [Servium] fugientem.
interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum
kill; translate before ab iis; the subject is Servius.
creditur:
impersonal use of credo
it is believed, followed
by indirect statement id factum [esse].
abhorreo,
-ere, -horrui
shrink from; be averse to; the subject is Tullia.
admonitus, -i m.
advice, suggestion.
carpentum, -i
n.
a two-wheeled coach.
consto,
-are, -stet, -statum
stand with; agree with; constat,
impersonal use: it is well-known, certain, undisputed.
invehor,
-vehi, -vectus/a sum
ride / drive in; enter; the subject is
Tullia.
revereor,
-eri, -itus/a sum
stand in awe of. Livy regularly portrays women
in the Forum as a violation of proper order; he uses Tullia's entry into the
Forum in a wheeled carriage, her intrusion into political assembly, and her
abrogation of the right to name the new king (prima) as measures of her
civic impiety.
coetus/coitus, -i m.
meeting;
assembly.
facesso, -ere,
-i, -itum
withdraw, go away (intransitive).
pervenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum
come to;
arrive; reach; pluperfect subjunctive, introduced by temporal
cum.
Cyprium: Livy
records the landmarks of her route out of the Forum to her home: she drives up
Cyprius Vicus (Copper Street), makes a right onto Clivus
Urbius (incline), then climbs the Collis Esquilinus
(hill; see map of
Early Rome); however, there is no archaeological
evidence to support the location of these streets.
Dianium, -i n.
place or temple sacred to the goddess Diana; Livy indicates that
it survived at the top of Cyprius street into his own time (nuper=
recently).
flecto, -ere,
flexi, flectum
bend, turn; flectenti, in the dative case
after restitit, refering to Tullia; her reaction to the sight before her
becomes more inhuman in comparison with her driver's reaction.
ut +
subjunctive (eveheretur) introduces a purpose clause.
evehor, -vehi,
-vectus/a sum
ride, move out.
resisto, -ere,
-stiti, -- + dat.
stop short; halt; resist; the subject is
pavidus is qui iumenta agebat; the object is [ei]
flectenti: her as she was turning (Tullia seems to be directing
the carriage, not physically driving it).
inhibeo, -ere,
-ui, -itum
check, restrain.
iumentum, -i
n.
beast of burden; mule/horse.
trucido (1)
slaughter; kill cruelly.
foedus,
-a, -um
foul; revolting; disgraceful; along with inhumanum it
modifies scelus.
trado, -ere,
tradidi, traditum
hand over; hand down.
monumentum, -i
n.
reminder, memorial; dative of purpose.
sceleratus,
-a, -um
desecrated, accursed, infamous; translate
Sceleratum as predicate nominative. The Clivus Urbius was renamed the Vicus
Sceleratus from the point where it met the Vicus Cyprius (where
Servius' body lay) and continued across the
Mons Oppius.
amens,
-entis
mad; frantic; Tullia is driven out of her mind by the
Furies, who punish her (agitantibus) for her crimes.
Tullia...fertur: is said; here Livy seems to say
she herself was driving the carriage (see Varro, De Lingua Latina V.32:
... Vicus Sceleratus, dictus a Tullia Tarquini Superbi uxore, quod ibi cum
iaceret pater occisus, supra eum carpentum mulio ut inigeret
iussit.
pars, partis
f.
part; share; object of the verb in indirect statement
[se] tulisse
cruentus,
-a, -um
bloody; cruel; ablative of accompaniment.
contamino (1)
defile, corrupt, pollute; ablative absolute with ipsa
(Tullia) respersaque. The verb contaminare signifies making
something not merely unclean but ritually impure (note the staining of
the household gods), thus opening one to divine punishment; the "bad end" and
evil repute to which their acts bring the couple is therefore justified by the
gods.
respergo, -ere, -spersi, -spersum
splashed;
sprinkle; ablative absolute with contaminata ipsa.
quibus iratis:
the gods of both households, the Servii and the Tarquinii, are seen as enraged;
the ablative absolute serves as an explanation for the outcome that results:
exitus sequerentur.
exitus, -us
m.
end; outcome, result; modified by similes + dative
(malo principio); the subject of sequerentur.
memoro (1)
recall, relate; supply [est] with memorata.
The subjects are indigna caedes, invecta filia. Livy's
summary of Brutus' speech before the citizens in the Forum relating the charges
against the Tarquinii ends with the regicide of Servius that was patricide as
well.
nefandus, -a,
-um
abominable; impius, a transfered epithet belonging to
Tullia.
invoco
(1)
invoke; call upon; di is the subject;
understand sunt.
ultor, -oris
m.
avenger; ultores: in apposition with
di.
atrocior,
-oris, comparative of atrox
hideous, dreadful;
brutal.
haudquaquam
adverb
by no means. Try the following word order to interpret this
complex sentence: his atrocioribusque aliis memoratis, quae, credo,
haudquaquam facilia scriptoribus relatu, praesens indignitas rerum
subicit.
facilis,
-e
easy; facilia modifies quae (n.pl.) and is
followed by the dative (scriptoribus) and the supine of the verb
(relatu).
praesens, -entis
immediate; present
(in relation to Brutus, that is).
indignitas, -tatis
outrage; insult;
indignation. Livy observes here that Brutus' narration of the deeds of the
Tarquinii was inspired by the outrage he felt at the levents, but that they
were difficult for historians to write about.
subicio, -ere,
-ieci, -iectum
bring up, suggest; the subject is praesens
indignitas rerum, the object is quae.
incensus,
-a, -um
inflamed; aroused.
perpello, -ere,
-puli, -pulsum
urge; drive. The subject is
Brutus. A verb of urging toward future action is followed by
ut and the subjunctive (abrogaret, iuberet) in a
substantive clause of purpose.
abrogo (1)
annul; cancel; take away; followed by the accusative of thing and
dative of person.
exsul, -is
m.f.
exile; the plural is used to include the entire
family.
iuniores, -um
m.pl.
younger men, subordinates; ablative absolute with lectis
armatisque.
ultro
adverb
unasked; voluntarily; of one's own accord.
lego, -ere,
legi, lectum
select, choose; ablative absolute.
concito
(1)
move rapidly; rouse; ad concitandum exercitum adversus
regem: gerundive in a purpose construction.
proficiscor,
-sci, profectus/a sum
set out; proceed; Brutus' destination: is
Ardea, where the Roman army is camped.
Lucretio:
Spurius Lucretius (dative case), the father of the violated Lucretia.
praefecto
urbis: the Prefect of the City, the surrogate in Rome for the king
when he was not in the city, possessed imperium, which allowed him to
perform all regal duties in the city.
instituo,
-ere, -ui, utum
appoint, establish, set up.
inter
preposition with the accusative
during; in the course of.
profugio, -ere, -fugi, ---
escape; flee
from.
exsecror
(1, depon.)
curse; understand eam; ablative
absolute with invocantibusque viris mulieribusque.
incedo,
-ere, -cessi, -cessum
walk; advance.
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